Karl Leonhard (1904-88) and his academic influence through the 'Erlangen School'.

The Erlangen University Psychiatric and Mental Clinic was an annexe to the Erlangen Mental Asylum, so when Leonhard worked there he became acquainted with acute and chronic stages of schizophrenia. This can be viewed as a decisive impulse for his later differentiated classification of types of schizophrenia. The suspicion that Leonhard suffered from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cannot be supported. His reticence concerning social-psychiatric aspects is analysed in the context of his early professional contact with the 'Erlangen system' of open care and its Nazi perversion. Leonhard's role in National Socialism is still uncertain. His unsuccessful attempts to retain the Erlangen Chair of Psychiatry and Mental Illness in 1951 can be viewed as his first difficulty in the tensions between West Germany and East Germany.

The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal, 70th anniversary.

SUMMARY: The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal was officially chartered in 1961, but the structure had been in place since since 1951. The department grew as a fusion of hospital-based surgery training programs from the largest French-speaking hospitals in Montreal. Currently 448 professors (135 women and 313 men) teach in the department. The research activity, both clinical and applied, is in strong progression. The Department of Surgery is the largest French and bilingual training centre in Canada and North America. In 2021 the department will celebrate its 70th anniversary. As members, we should be proud of the work achieved by our predecessors and by the current rank of professors, teachers and researchers. The department strives to promote the essential role of and highlight the rewards and benefits of academic surgery.

Brígida Flores: un legado trascendente en la terapia ocupacional chilena. Una biografía / Brígida Flores: a transcendent legacy in chilean occupational therapy. A biography

OBJETIVOS: construir el perfil biográfico de una de las mujeres fundadoras y principales representantes de la terapia ocupacional en Chile: Brígida Flores. MÉTODO: desde un paradigma interpretativo, por medio del enfoque biográfico e incorporando elementos de la teoría fundamentada, se realiza el rescate de la historia oral por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a personas cercanas que tuvieron relación con Brígida Flores. Además, se analizan textos académicos publicados y no publicados, material audiovisual, entre otros documentos. RESULTADOS: se realiza una codificación de la información por medio de intervalos cronológicos, generando la construcción de un perfil biográfico en base a la saturación de la información. Junto con ello, se incorporan elementos contextuales de la época en que Brígida Flores ejerció como terapeuta ocupacional y académica. Así, se identifican diferentes momentos de su historia. CONCLUSIONES: se destaca a Brígida Flores como una de las mujeres más relevantes e influyentes en los inicios de la profesión. Su historia ha trascendido diferentes generaciones y lugares del país. Sus enseñanzas son parte de la identidad profesional de muchas/os terapeutas ocupacionales de Chile

OBJECTIVE: To write the biographical profile of one of the main female founders and most representative figures in Occupational Therapy in Chile: Brígida Flores. METHOD: From an interpretive paradigm, through the biographical approach and incorporating elements of grounded theory, the rescue of oral history is carried out through in-depth semi-structured interviews with close people who had a relationship with Brígida Flores. Published and unpublished academic texts, audiovisual material, among other documents are also analysed. RESULTS: A codification of the information is carried out by means of chronological intervals, generating the construction of a biographical profile based on the saturation of the information. Along with it, contextual elements from the time when Brígida Flores was an occupational therapist and academic are incorporated. Thus, different moments in its history are identified. CONCLUSIONS: Brígida Flores stands out as one of the most relevant and influential women in the early stages of occupational therapy in Chile. Her history has transcended different generations and places in the country. Her teachings are part of the professional identity of many occupational therapists in Chile

Seeking Parity for Women in Academic Medicine: A Historical Perspective.

In this Invited Commentary, the author applies a historical lens to explore a fundamental paradox in U.S. medical education: the fact that long after women gained parity with men in matriculation to medical school, women remain highly underrepresented in leadership positions in academic medicine. The reasons for this are many and complex, but at the core are the subtle but hurtful indignities ("microinequities") experienced by women physicians and an academic culture that expects single-minded dedication to work, regardless of the costs to faculty members' personal lives. Achieving parity for women in academic leadership will require changing the culture of medical schools and teaching hospitals to correct these 2 fundamental obstacles. In recent years, many medical schools and teaching hospitals have made efforts to improve opportunities and satisfaction for women trainees and physicians, enacting reforms to improve work-life balance for all faculty. It is plausible to imagine a future in which flexible time frames to achieve tenure and promotion are universally available to both women and men, with high scholarly standards firmly maintained. If this occurs, it will represent a profound legacy for women in academic medicine, for their generations of professional sacrifice and advocacy for a more equitable culture will have changed its culture.

A historical overview of paediatric surgery at Wits University: From embryo to adult.

History provides wonderful insights into how society develops, providing innumerable lessons that can be used as individuals and institutions move into the future. The history of medicine provides particular value, yet it is so often overlooked by the present, society taking for granted what has often been a tremendous struggle to achieve. This overview of the history of paediatric surgery at the University of the Witwatersrand provides amazing insights into what has been achieved in a period spanning three centuries.

A Tribute to Margaret Grace Stineman, MD.

The field of physical medicine and rehabilitation mourns the death of Margaret Grace Stineman, MD. She was an incredibly productive researcher who helped to shape the delivery of rehabilitation care. She was a trusted colleague, mentor, and friend to many. Her outstanding accomplishments were acknowledged by her numerous awards and her election into honorary societies. Dr Stineman spent her career at the University of Pennsylvania and retired as Professor Emeritus in 2014. She is survived by her mother and innumerable colleagues and friends who were touched by her passion, intelligence, and dedication.

Barbara E. Waud, M.D. (1931-), an early woman clinician scientist and professor of anesthesiology at University of Massachusetts Medical School.

After the first successful public demonstration of modern anesthesia in 1846, most female anesthetists were nurses by trade since none were yet allowed to attend medical school to become physicians. The turn of the twentieth century, however, brought about greater opportunity for female physician-anesthetists. We explore the life and career of Barbara E. Waud (1931-), a pioneering woman physician and researcher in the field of anesthesiology. Waud chose to pursue a career in medicine at a time when most women did not even attend college, and for most of her training and practice, she was the only woman in her department. Personal interviews with Waud, her daughter, and her colleagues highlight her rebellious and resilient nature that helped her overcome the obstacles put forth by male colleagues, and the judgment she received from female acquaintances for being a working mother. Waud's impressive career of dedicated clinical practice and ground-breaking research spanned four decades and inspired generations of physicians.

Dr. Gregorio Delgado García, profesor de profesores, médico, investigador, historiador, yhombre / Dr. Gregorio Delgado García, a professor of professors, medical doctor, researcher, historian, and man

Se presenta la vida y obra del Dr. Gregorio Delgado García, natural de Melena del Sur de laactual provincia Mayabeque. Es una personalidad cimera de la medicina cubana, médico deprofesión y especialista en Microbiología. Se destaca por su trayectoria laboral, docente,investigativa y como Historiador del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Ha realizado através del tiempo, inigualables aportes en la publicación de la historia de esta entidad, enpublicaciones científicas relacionadas con las ciencias médicas, y con la docencia en lasciencias de la salud. Su obra eminente como profesor Consultante de la Universidad deCiencias Médicas de la Habana e historiador es reconocida a nivel nacional e internacionalpor generaciones de profesionales de la salud(AU)

Dr. Gregorio Delgado García´s life and work is presented. He is from Melena del Sur, currentMayabeque province. He is an outstanding professional of the Cuban Medicine, medicaldoctor and specialist in Microbiology. He has had an exceptional working, teaching, researching trajectory, and also as the historian of the Cuban Ministry of Public Health.Along time, he has performed extraordinary contributions in the publications of the historyof this entity, in scientific studies related to Medical Sciences, and about the teaching historyof the Cuban Medical Universities. His well-known labor as a consultant professor at HavanaUniversity of Medical Sciences and as a historian is recognized at national and internationallevels by many generations of health professionals(AU)

A Long, Adventurous Journey: Reflecting on 50 Years as a Woman in Academic Medicine.

As part of a special collection of articles on women in academic medicine, the author reflects on her 50 years in medicine as a trainee, faculty member, administrator, and editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). She uses personal experiences to illustrate several lessons learned. First, good leaders share 4 characteristics, each of which begins with the letter "T" (tenacity, tough mindedness-not toughness, thick skin, and tender heart). Second, never underestimate the ability to change things. Third, always keep a paper trail. Fourth, people will not remember what was said, but they will never forget how they were made to feel. Fifth, support that comes only from the top is actually a hanging. Sixth, losing one's vision might be worse than losing one's sight. And finally, some things can only be seen through eyes that have cried. The author closes with advice for women negotiating a first or a new position, and a reminder that whatever position one holds in medicine, it is part of the greatest profession in the world, affording its members the honor and joy of taking care of sick people.